Absorção e metabolização dos hormônios sexuais e sua transformação em tecnologias contraceptivas: percursos do pensamento médico no Brasil / Absorption and metabolization of sex hormones and their transformation into contraceptive technologies: the paths taken by medical thought in Brazil

Resumo O artigo analisa a assimilação de conhecimentos e o desenvolvimento de práticas clínicas e de pesquisa, concernentes aos hormônios sexuais, entre ginecologistas brasileiros. Discute o percurso do pensamento médico da recepção dos hormônios à sua transformação em contraceptivos. O objetivo é compreender estilos de introdução e difusão de tecnologias médicas na área da saúde reprodutiva no Brasil. Utiliza métodos de análise histórica e tem como fonte os Anais Brasileiros de Ginecologia, revista publicada entre 1936 e 1970. O acompanhamento das novidades cientificas sobre hormônios sexuais e seu uso para tratamento de diversas mazelas femininas, desde os primórdios, foi de grande importância para a rápida aceitação médica da contracepção hormonal. Questões científicas e técnicas (efeitos colaterais, dosagens) e a questão populacional compuseram a maior parte dos debates. Objeções da Igreja Católica foram consideradas, mas não pautaram o pensamento médico sobre os contraceptivos. A busca de consolidar a ginecologia como especialidade científica, moderna e cosmopolita e razões sanitárias e demográficas que possibilitavam enquadrar contraceptivos como drogas éticas, são processos subjacentes à assimilação e à metabolização dos hormônios sexuais como contraceptivos hormonais.

Abstract The article analyses knowledge assimilation and the development of clinical and research practices relating to sex hormones among Brazilian gynaecologists. It discusses the paths taken by medical thought from the reception of the hormones to their transformation into contraceptives. Our objective is to comprehend styles of introducing and disseminating medical technologies in the area of reproductive health in Brazil. It uses methods of historical analysis and takes as its source the Anais Brasileiros de Ginecologia, a journal published between 1936 and 1970. From the outset, the accompaniment of scientific breakthroughs in relation to sex hormones and their use to treat diverse female illnesses played a key role in the rapid medical acceptance of hormonal contraception. Scientific and technical questions (side effects, dosages) and the demographic issue formed part of the majority of the debates. Objections from the Catholic Church were considered but did not set the agenda of medical thought on contraceptives. The quest to consolidate gynaecology as a scientific, modern and cosmopolitan area of expertise, along with sanitary and demographic motives that allowed contraceptives to be classed as ethical drugs, are identified as processes underlying the assimilation and metabolization of sex hormones as hormonal contraceptives.

Xavier Bichat's Medical Thought in the Historical Context of French Vitalism / 의사학

The French vitalism is different from vitalism in general. It is a position of some physiologists who worked from the end of the 18th century to the early days of the 19th century, defending the peculiarity of life phenomena in contrast to the Cartesian theory of the animal-machine. Its main representatives are Paul-Joseph Barthez and Theophile de Bordeu, who belonged to the vitalist school of Montpellier. They argue, in contrast to mechanism, that life involves a special principle and cannot be explained in terms of physical and chemical properties alone. Marie Francois Xavier Bichat (1771-1802), inheriting this position, endeavored to establish physiology as a science which cannot be reduced to the physical sciences. He was also the first to introduce the notion of tissues as distinct entities. The aim of his concept of physiology is to explain the whole of life phenomena through the ultimate properties of tissues, that is, through sensibility and contractility. After Bichat, Francois Magendie inherited his experimental concepts, but critiqued his vitalism. Claude Bernard, known as the founder of experimental physiology, was influenced considerably by Bichat's idea of physiology. Through the notion of tissues, he unites zoology, botany and medicine in the domain of general physiology. Additionally, his concept of "milieu interieur" results from his study of Bichat's physiology, particularly from the concept of the "natural type".

Antiescravismo e epidemia: "O tráfico dos negros considerado como a causa da febre amarela", de Mathieu François Maxime Audouard, e o Rio de Janeiro em 1850 / Antislavery and epidemic Mathieu François Maxime Audouard's "O tráfico dos negros considerado como a causa da febre amarela" and the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1850

O artigo "O tráfico dos negros considerado como a causa da febre amarela", de Mathieu François Maxime Audouard (1776-1856), foi publicado em 1850 no jornal O Philantropo, periódico de propaganda contra o tráfico que circulou no Rio de Janeiro entre 1849 e 1852, e contava com diversos médicos entre seus membros. O texto, traduzido do original do médico francês e publicado no contexto da epidemia de febre amarela na cidade, oferece elementos para refletir sobre a atuação dos médicos brasileiros na questão da escravidão, no momento em que era promulgada a cessação do tráfico no país.

The article "O tráfico de negros considerado como a causa da febre amarela" [The Negro slave trade considered as the cause of yellow fever] , by French physician Mathieu François Maxime Audouard (1776-1856), was published in 1850 in the newspaper O Philantropo, an organ of anti-slave trade propaganda that circulated in Rio de Janeiro from 1849 to 1852, with a number of physicians as members. Translated from the original and published during the yellow fever epidemic that hit Rio de Janeiro, the text affords an opportunity to reflect on the positions about slavery that were held by Brazilian physicians at the time the law against the slave trade was promulgated in Brazil.

On Sun Zhong Shan'Medical Thought and its Influence / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Sun Zhong Shan got the west medical education and had medical practice.He once put forward his deep medical thought which had great effect on Xin Hai Revolution and even promoted the propagation of the west medicine in china after the Xin Hai revolution.